In Canada, graduates of internal medicine training programs should be proficient in ambulatory medicine and practice. Before determining how to improve education in ambulatory care, a list of desired learning outcomes must be identified and used as the foundation for the design, implementation and evaluation of instructional events. The Delphi technique is a qualitative-research method that uses a series of questionnaires sent to a group of experts with controlled feedback provided by the researchers after each round of questions. A modified Delphi technique was used to determine the competencies required for an ambulatory care curriculum based on the CanMEDS roles.
Four groups deemed to be critical stakeholders in residency education were invited to take part in this study: 1. Medical educators and planners, 2. Members of the Canadian Society of Internal Medicine (CSIM), 3. Recent Royal College certificants in internal medicine, 4. Residents currently in core internal medicine residency programs. Panelists were sent questionnaires asking them to rate learning outcomes based on their importance to residency training in ambulatory care. Four hundred and nineteen participants completed the round 1 questionnaire that was comprised of 75 topics identified through a literature search. Using predefined criteria for degree of importance and consensus, 19 items were included in the compendium and 9 were excluded after one round. Forty-two items for which the panel that did not reach consensus, as well as 3 new items suggested by the panel were included in the questionnaire for round 2. Two hundred and forty participants completed the round 2 questionnaire; consensus was reached for each of the 45 items.
After two rounds, 21 items were included in the final compendium as very high priority topics (“must be able to”). An additional 26 items were identified as high priority topics (“should be able to”). The overall ratings by each of the four groups were similar and there were no differences between groups that affected the selection of items for the final compendium. To our knowledge this is the first time a Delphi-process has been used to determine the content of an ambulatory care curriculum in internal medicine in Canada. The compendium could potentially be used as the basis to structure training programs in ambulatory care.
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Development of a Species Status Assessment Process for Decisions under the U.S. Endangered Species Act
